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review7.3.0

public7.3.0

<p data-block-key="tmnuu">The application of a basic geographic information system (GIS) workflow and cloud-based processing of publicly available Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, within a Google Earth Engine environment, demonstrates the ability to track large maritime vessel activity patterns on the Taedong River proximal to Nampo Port in Nampo, Democratic People&#x27;s Republic of Korea (DPRK) with a high degree of accuracy. This maritime vessel activity was observed over a period of 10 years (2015-2025). The automated methodology utilized to analyze this activity has no statistically significant bias (95% CI -0.22 – 0.45) with a mean absolute error of 0.81 ships per image across the entire area of interest. Analysis identified multiple temporal points of interest where there were significant changes in maritime activity, providing quantitative context for further in-depth qualitative research. The automated methodology described can be replicated on other ports or narrow maritime areas of interest to generate contextual quantitative data on large vessel movements and activity over long time periods.</p>

methods7.3.0

7.3.0 imageCollage

<p data-block-key="deeeu"><h3>Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry&#x27;s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.</h3></p>

Methods Rich Text Mobile App

<p data-block-key="cnyft"><b><h4><i>Lorem Ipsum</i></h4></b><h4><i> is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry&#x27;s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.</i></h4></p><p data-block-key="57pn3">Paragraph regular with reference<a index="[1]" linktype="referencelink" name="testing styling">[1]</a></p><p data-block-key="2s1dr">Paragraph with subscript<sub>[1]</sub></p>

dataset7.3.0

<p data-block-key="shjjj"><b><h4>Lorem Ipsum</h4></b><h4> is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry&#x27;s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.</h4></p>

Snapshot Rich Text Mobile App

<p data-block-key="3yzmn"><b><i>Lorem Ipsum</i></b><i> is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry&#x27;s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.</i></p>

Review Rich Text Mobile App

<p data-block-key="tmnuu">The application of a basic geographic information system (GIS) workflow and cloud-based processing of publicly available Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, within a Google Earth Engine environment, demonstrates the ability to track large maritime vessel activity patterns on the Taedong River proximal to Nampo Port in Nampo, Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) with a high degree of accuracy. This maritime vessel activity was observed over a period of 10 years (2015-2025). The automated methodology utilized to analyze this activity has no statistically significant bias (95% CI -0.22 – 0.45) with a mean absolute error of 0.81 ships per image across the entire area of interest. Analysis identified multiple temporal points of interest where there were significant changes in maritime activity, providing quantitative context for further in-depth qualitative research. The automated methodology described can be replicated on other ports or narrow maritime areas of interest to generate contextual quantitative data on large vessel movements and activity over long time periods.</p>

[Draft] Quantifying Increases in Maritime Activity in Denied Environments Using Open-Source SAR Data

<p data-block-key="3epli"><h2>test summary richtext features</h2></p><p data-block-key="8sq3e"><i>italics</i></p>

SNAP COLLECTION 7.0

<p data-block-key="cyhwr"><b><sup>Testing Formatting to align with all test boxes except the Summary.</sup></b></p><p data-block-key="ehfpp"><i><sub>Testing Formatting to align with all test boxes except the Summary.</sub></i></p><p data-block-key="d89kd"><h2>Testing Formatting to align with all test boxes except the Summary.</h2></p><p data-block-key="bkcbb"><h3>Testing Formatting to align with all test boxes except the Summary.</h3></p><div class="center-text" data-block-key="b7e75"><h4>Testing Formatting center text to align with all test boxes except the Summary.</h4></div>

Reviews Format 7.2.1

<p data-block-key="u9u2g"><h4>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</h4></p>

7.2.1 Testing mobile timeline

testeww

snapshot7.0

snapshot7.3.0

MethodPage

testingreview70

mobliepdftest

ThisFridayTest

final 7.0 review test

7.0 test

Testing mobile image collage

Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.

Test methods no map

Test methods with map features selected

Testing with new categories and regions

Breadcrumb Test Article

John New Review

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Review example page

Test review linked page

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Article for Snapshot

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snapshot test with map

methods page no map features selected

methods test

orem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Pellentesque et nisl vel orci tincidunt ultrices. Nulla facilisi. Duis sed efficitur nisi, et efficitur leo. Duis neque purus, mollis vel purus ac, vulputate faucibus velit. Mauris commodo facilisis enim interdum sollicitudin. Vivamus non nulla ornare, venenatis felis sed, finibus magna. Praesent aliquam sagittis risus, sit amet laoreet sem iaculis at. Pellentesque non nibh quis sem pellentesque dictum. Cras eu justo magna. Nam maximus vehicula est vitae finibus. Quisque pellentesque nec est at facilisis. Ut feugiat, tortor ut posuere dignissim, ante quam mollis turpis, eget varius ex risus in ligula. Praesent ullamcorper velit tortor, eu tincidunt tellus efficitur sed. Nunc eros velit, viverra eget tincidunt nec, ornare posuere leo. Sed metus nibh, eleifend porta nisi vel, tincidunt malesuada ligula. Praesent et pharetra enim, ut posuere justo.

Snapshot Initial Test Page

Testing Printing Page

Test template removal public page

Russian Activity in North Africa's Oil & Gas Industry

Water Scarcity in Belgium and the Blue Deal

North Korea: Passenger Vehicles Increasing on the Streets of Hamhung

North Korea's Political Prison Camp, Kwan-li-so No. 18

Geospatial Evaluation of Kazakhstan's Dostyk-Moyinty Railroad Progress: Spring 2024

China's Investments in Myanmar: Analyzing the Status of Projects

Chinese Economic Cooperation with the Taliban: An Assessment of Progress

Status of Chinese Investments in Argentinian Lithium Mines

North Korea's Political Prison Camp, Kwan-li-so No. 25

North Korea's Hwangju-Kindung Waterway Project

Identification of Deliberate Building Targeting During Ukraine War: Evidence from Donetsk Oblast

Expansion of Gold Mining and Cross-Border Mercury Activity Between Venezuela and Guyana

North Korea's Animal Protein Farming: Expansion Status and Challenges

Analyzing Strategic Value of Chinese-Built Infrastructure Projects in Papua New Guinea

China's Interests in Montenegro: Alternative Analysis Case Study - Debt Traps Revisited

China's High-Altitude Heliports: Examining PLA Helicopter Force Changes

Russia's Arctic Dilemma: Permafrost Thaw Threatens Russia's Ambitions

Chinese Investment in Cambodia: The Dara Sakor Airfield

China's Growing 5G Presence in South America Poses Potential Security Threats to the Region

Environmental Impacts of Conflict in Ukraine: Exploring Attacks on Oil Refineries and Watershed Degradation

Water Management Policy in Afghanistan After the Fall of the Afghan Government

Impacts to Cultural Heritage in Ukraine, 01 September 2022 through 31 January 2023

North Korea's Tourism Industry: A Grand Initiative in Limbo

Russia Reallocates Resources to Filtration Operations Based On Anticipated Flow of Displaced Ukrainian Civilians

Sanctions Delay Chinese Equipment to Russian Arctic Energy Projects

Impacts to Cultural Heritage in Ukraine, 1 July through 31 August 2022

The Rise of Turkey's Baykar Technologies, Part I: Facilities

The Rise of Turkey's Baykar Technologies, Part II: Operations

North Korea's Komdok Mining Region: Empty Promises?

Tracking the Industrial Growth of Modern China with High-Resolution Panchromatic Imagery and Deep Learning

Impacts to Cultural Heritage in Ukraine

Geospatial Analysis of Afghanistan Gemstone Production Under the Taliban

Made in China 2025 and the Shenzhen High-Tech Industrial Park

Made in China 2025 and Shanghai's Zhangjiang High-Tech Industrial Park

"Trust But Verify:" Analyzing Refugee Vehicle Movements in Eastern Ukraine

Environmental Effect of Coal Mine Deterioration in Eastern Ukraine

A Geospatial Strategy to Locate Future Chinese ICBM Silo Fields

Infrastructure Developments for Training China's Army

Exploring China’s Footprint in the Andes Mountains: Copper Mining in Ecuador

Exploring China’s Footprint in the Andes Mountains: Copper Mining in Peru

Predicting Terrorism in Europe with Remote Sensing, Machine Learning, and Spatial Statistics

Tracking the Relocation of Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh: A Nighttime Lighting Approach

North Korea’s Tideland Reclamation Efforts

The Environmental Impact of Russian Mining in the Central African Republic

Made in China 2025 and the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Zone

Do We Have One Practical Global Coordinate System for Planet Earth?

Part 2: Evaluating China's Tree-Planting Activity

Chinese Maritime Expansion and Potential Dual-Use Implications on Critical Maritime Chokepoints

Part I: Analyzing China's Continued Expansion of Coal-Fired Power Capacity

China’s BRI in Latin America: Case Study – Hydropower in Ecuador

China's BRI in Latin America: Case Study - Hydropower in Bolivia

North Korea's Cement Industry: More Than Meets the Eye

Part 1: Investigating the Growth of Detention Facilities in Xinjiang Using Nighttime Lighting

Part 2: Have Any of Xinjiang’s Detention Facilities Closed?

Part 3: Explaining Variation in the Growth and Decline of Detention Facilities across Xinjiang

The Sepho Tableland: Changing Food Production in Marginal Areas

Empty Lots, Green Spaces, and a Parking Lot – What Happened to the Demolished Uyghur Cemeteries?

Part 3: More "Boarding" Facilities Geolocated in Southern Xinjiang

Examining Kim's Approach to Construction: Project Wonsan

China's BRI in Latin America: Case Study - Ports

China's BRI in Latin America: Case Study - Sustainable Energy in Cuba

Part 2: Geolocating Growth of Suspect "Boarding" Facilities in Xinjiang China

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Wonsan Facility Description

Railcars of Wonsan

This is a follow-up report on North Korea's major railway facilities. See related report on Chongjin Railcar Factory.

North Korea Major Railways

train tracks public domain 2

Subordinate to North Korea’s Ministry of Railways are five major industrial facilities involved in the production and depot-level repair of rail cars and locomotives. These facilities are the 6 July Railway Factory, Chongjin Railway Factory, Kim Chong-tae Electric Locomotive Works, Pyongyang Rolling Stock Repair Plant, and Wonsan Railway Rolling Stock Complex. Reflecting a general geographic division of the nation into east and west coasts caused by north-south mountain ranges, two of these—the Kim Chong-tae Electric Locomotive Works and Pyongyang Rolling Stock Repair Plant—are located on the west coast in Pyongyang, and three are located on the east coast—6 July Railway Factory, Chongjin Railway Factory,  and Wonsan Railway Rolling Stock Complex. 

The Ministry of Railways also exercises control over the rail network including research and development, education and training, security, railroad operations, acquisition, and production. The Korean State Railway conducts rail operations through at least six regional bureaus—Chongjin, Hamhung, Kaechon, Pyongyang, Naseon, and Sariwon.  Subordinate to these regional rail bureaus are more than 20 secondary repair shops and 50 engine houses located along the rail network throughout the nation that undertake minor repairs and routine maintenance. The Wonsan Railway Rolling Stock Complex is believed to be directly subordinate to the Ministry of Railways; however, its location in Wonsan means that it works closely with the Wonsan Railway Bureau.

Previous names for the Wonsan Railway Rolling Stock Complex have included the KaIma Railroad Plant, Wonsan Railroad Factory, and 4 June Rolling Stock Works (sometimes referred to in English as the 4 June Rolling-Stock Works, June 4 General Rolling-Stock Works, or Wŏnsan Railroad Car Manufacturing and Rolling Stock Repair Plant). Today the complex is sometimes referred to in English as the Wonsan Railroad Car Manufacturing and Rolling Stock Repair Plant or Wo'san Railway Rolling Stock Complex.

Wonsan ops timeline

During early 2007, North Korean media reported that production “was put on a normal basis at the Wonsan Railway Rolling Stock Factory,” suggesting that the facility had finally recovered from the effects of the Arduous March.  Supporting this assessment, a senior Ministry of Railways official noted, during 2009, that “the Wonsan Railway Rolling Stock Complex is increasing the production of goods wagons with emphasis placed on producing stout wagons short in length and with high side walls compared with the previous models.”  Since that time, the Wonsan Railway Rolling Stock Complex has continued to be mentioned within the context of achieving success in the production and repair of rail cars including the production of a “100-ton wagon“ (presumed to be an ore car) in 2016.

By 2005, concerted efforts of previous years appear to have finally made progress in restoring meaningful production as the North Korean magazine Ch’o’llima claims that the complex produced 200 to 300 new trains and freight cars that year—undoubtedly an inflated number. 

Possibly as a reflection of the improving output from the 4 June Rolling Stock Factory, sometime between 2005-2006 the facility was renamed the Wonsan Railway Rolling Stock Complex.

During 2000, as a reflection of North Korea’s industries struggling to overcome the effects of the Arduous March, “15 April Technical Innovation Shock Brigade” campaigns were conducted at numerous large complexes including the 4 June Rolling Stock Complex. These campaigns reportedly resulted in “many raw materials, fuel, and enormous efforts and materials including tens of billions of kilowatts of electricity, hundreds of thousands of tonnes of coal, thousands of tonnes of steel materials, thousands of tonnes of fuel, and some one thousand nonferrous metals were saved.” 

Throughout the following four years, numerous reports in North Korean media suggested that significant efforts were being undertaken to restore production and output at the 4 June Rolling Stock Complex and throughout the rail sector. On October 21, 2002, Kim Chong-il gave on-the-spot guidance at the complex reinforcing the importance of its work and encouraging the workers to greater productivity.  Other resources were mobilized and during 2002–2003 to support recovery, Yang Yong-nok, a deputy director within the Ministry of Labor, and other members of the ministry were assigned to the 4 June Rolling Stock Plant to assist with labor administration and propaganda. More significantly, they arranged for on-the-job training for workers.  Admitting to the continuing challenges faced within the rail sector, and that Kim Chong-il was concerned about them, Rodong Sinmun published an article in April 2003 that stated, “In recent years, the great general has energetically led the work for development of the railway transport, although everything was in short supply and everything was difficult.”

Wonsan metal work timeline

During the 1990s, however, like almost all North Korean industries the 4 June Rolling Stock Complex suffered a severe decline in production output as a result of the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union that resulted in the subsequent financial collapse of North Korea. Following the financial collapse was a prolonged period of dramatic droughts and floods that devastated crop yields, resulting in nationwide famine that also witnessed the death of Kim Il-sung. Collectively, this period is known as the Arduous March and while it is generally agreed to have ended during 1998, the effects lasted into the 2000s. The 4 June Rolling Stock Complex appears to have received little mention in North Korean media during this period although a 1997 report states that Kim Chong-il sent his thanks to the complex for their success in repairing freight cars.

Wonsan billboard

During the 1970s, however, a major expansion took place of the east side of the facility with the addition of an assembly hall, fabrication hall, foundry building, and support facilities as seen in a September 1980 declassified satellite image. This expansion may have resulted from the December 1977 Supreme People’s Assembly when Kim Il-song established strategic direction and guidelines for railway development and railcar production.  Although it is presently unclear, this expansion may have also resulted in the renaming of the Wonsan Railroad Factory to the 4 June Rolling Stock Works.

Production at the complex likely grew during the late-1970s and through the 1980s. Reflecting the relatively good times of the 1980s, and a very inflated dose of propaganda, the official guide to Kangwon Province, published in 1990, claimed that the complex could produce 5,000 freight cars annually.

Wonsan 1980 CIA

Following the Korean War, one of the first areas for reconstruction was the rail network throughout the nation including, once again, the Wonsan Railroad Factory, which was rebuilt with Polish assistance. The facility first became operational in 1957 and construction was completed during the mid-1960s. 

The composition of the Wonsan Railroad Factory underwent several minor infrastructure changes during the 1960s and early 1970s as indicated by declassified KH-4A image and reports.  For example, between November 1967 and October 1969, the facility was extended on the north side to accommodate construction of a holding yard.

Wonsan 1965 CIA

As with the Chongjin Railway Factory, the first significant railroad activity in the Wonsan area occurred during the colonial period as part of the Japanese development of military facilities (naval base, airfield, etc.) and a broader economic effort to construct a rail network throughout Korea to support mining and industrial development. Track was laid from Wonsan (called Genzan at the time by the Japanese) north along the coast through Chongjin (called Seishin at the time by the Japanese) to Hoeryong in the north. Within Wonsan a range of railroad facilities were constructed to support this rail line and service the port facilities. Among these facilities was the KaIma Railroad Plant built by the Japanese in the early 1940s immediately south of the city.  

The KaIma Railroad Plant was reportedly destroyed during World War II when Soviet troops occupied the city. During the immediate post–World War II period, the nascent North Korean government took control of the rail network within the northern half of the peninsula and began its reconstruction with Soviet assistance. This included the KaIma Railroad Plant, which was renamed the Wonsan Railroad Factory. Underscoring the importance of the facility to the nation at this time, Kim Il-song visited the Wonsan Railroad Factory in 1947 and provided what has subsequently become known as “on-the-spot guidance.” 

During the Korean War, Wonsan, including the Wonsan Railroad Factory, was heavily damaged by United Nations Command air strikes. With the signing of the Armistice Agreement in 1953, North Korea undertook reconstruction efforts with assistance from China, the Soviet Union, and other communist countries.

John New Review

Summary

Background

Method

Discussion

Conclusion

References

About The Authors

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Wonsan Railway Rolling Stock Complex

North Korea's Political Prison Camp, Kwan-li-so No. 18

Tearline Original

North Korea's Political Prison Camp, Kwan-li-so No. 25

Tearline Original

Tracking the Relocation of Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh: A Nighttime Lighting Approach

Tearline Original

Part 1: Investigating the Growth of Detention Facilities in Xinjiang Using Nighttime Lighting

Tearline Original

John New Review

Summary

Background

Method

Discussion

Conclusion

References

About The Authors

Data Sources

Reviewed Article

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